Camera shots, angle and movement

Camera shots, angle and movement

Camera Shots, Angle, Movement, Composition

• Shots: establishing shot, master shot, close-up, mid-shot, long shot, wide shot, two-shot, aerial shot, point of view shot, over the shoulder shot, and variations of these.
• Angle: high angle, low angle, canted angle.
• Movement: pan, tilt, track, dolly, crane, steadicam, hand-held, zoom, reverse zoom.
• Composition: framing, rule of thirds, depth of field – deep and shallow focus, focus pulls.

Editing

Includes transition of image and sound – continuity and non-continuity systems.

• Cutting: shot/reverse shot, eyeline match, graphic match, action match, jump cut, crosscutting, parallel editing, cutaway; insert.
• Other transitions, dissolve, fade-in, fade-out, wipe, superimposition, long take, short take, slow motion, ellipsis and expansion of time, post-production, visual effects.

　Sound

• Soundtrack: score, incidental music, themes and stings, ambient sound.
• Diegetic and non-diegetic sound; synchronous/asynchronous sound; sound effects; sound motif, sound bridge, dialogue, voiceover, mode of address/direct address, sound mixing, sound perspective.

Mise-en-Scène

• Production design: location, studio, set design, costume and make-up, properties.
• Lighting; colour design.

You need to understand how the technical elements (in the last post) create specific representations of individuals, groups, events or places and help to articulate specific messages and values that have social significance. 

Particular areas of representation that may be chosen are:

1. Gender
2. Age
3. Ethnicity
4. Sexuality
5. Class and status
6. Physical ability/disability
7. Regional identity

ANGLES AND SHOTS

This shot is an over the shoulder shot on Jason, over Alison's shoulder.

This shot is a high angle shot on Mona, supposedly dead in a car boot.

This shot is a low angle shot, taken from near the floor, looking up at the girls.

This shot is an establishing shot of Maya's murder scene.

This shot is a long shot of Hanna and Ted where they are seen head to toe by the audience.

This shot is a mid shot where we see Spencer from the waist up.

This shot is a two shot where the characters are both in the frame and we see their interaction.

This shot is a close up where we see the character's head and shoulders, focusing on their speech and facial expression with very little background.

This shot is a close up of Ali, followed by a point of view shot of the photo in her hand.

This shot is an extreme close up of Hanna, Spencer and Cece where we can see their faces very clearly as they are extremely close to the camera.

CAMERA MOVEMENTS

This movement is a tracking shot, zoning in on Alison's face when news is broken to her.

This movement is a crab shot of the Black Swan walking away from the prom scene, as though she is leading the way.

This movement is a tilt shot of Hanna's body; the camera pans up and down her dress.

This movement is a zoom, moving into the characters on the screen as they kiss.

This movement is an arc shot, circling around Shana.

This movement is a crane shot showing the characters down below the crane in which the camera is held on.

This movement is a pan left to right between the girls, showing a conversation.

The Male Gaze

The Male Gaze analysis:
Rita Ora- Body on Me ft. Chris Brown

This video is a narrative of a boy and a girl meeting in the same building and hitting it off, suggesting sexual themes.

The narrative starts with the two associating in a lift up to their floor of the apartment building. At this point, They are both dressed quite modestly however Chris gives Rita's body a quick glance before he makes conversation at 0:06 seconds.

 At 1:03 seconds, Rita is in her room and the camera does a quick pan of her chest area, still clothed, promoting it to the audience. The camera does another pan of her torso at 1:20 but this time, Rita's hands are running over her curves suggesting that she wants some intimacy, again promoting her body to the audience. 

10 seconds later at the chorus, Rita is topless but with a Union Jack flag to cover her chest, edging towards nudity. This frame only lasts for 3 seconds but is enough to keep 'the male gaze' occupied until another topless shot of Rita is shown. 

Then at 1:44 we see a topless Chris Brown peering through his shutters, presumably mesmerized by Rita, and then at 1:45 we see a frame of Rita with messy hair and a playful look on her face and by the looks of it she is also topless.

At 1:59 we see a more seductively suggestive frame of topless Rita where she is leaning back with the flag draped over her body as though she is feeling sexual. This frame is pleasing to the male gaze as the thought that she is topless lets their imagination take shape and suggest images for them rather than showing her chest plainly out. 

In the next few frames, Rita is clothed again and getting intimate with Chris Brown with random intervals of Rita being seductive in a bra and shorts, appealing to the male audience as Rita is getting sexually penetrated by Chris and enjoying herself alone as well at 2:14.

A more explicit frame of Rita and the flag is shown at 2:40, intertwined with frames including close ups with Chris Brown, Chris on top of Rita, Rita taking her shirt off and Chris and Rita with their faces very close to each other. These frames again all appeal to The Male Gaze as the male viewers most likely want to be in Chris Browns position after seeing the sex appeal Rita has to offer.

The narrative then continues to Chris knocking on Rita's window implying her wants her to come outside with him and more shots of Rita and the flag, Rita and Chris' close up shots and Rita on the sofa, until we then see Rita and Chris on the rooftop dancing intimately with each other; Rita showing her body off by using sexual movements and showing pleasure to attract the male gaze at 4:00.

 At 4:10 we are back at Rita and Chris in the bedroom, with Chris on top of Rita implying sexual acts between them. Notice how Chris is dominant in this frame, physically on top of Rita, seducing her and is about to undress her bottom half. This motion is more acceptable for the video as throughout it we are seeing Rita viewed as a sexual object, showing off her body to please others and usually when in a frame with Chris, being touched by him rather than her touching him. If this was the other way round, the audience wouldn't see Rita's sensual reaction to Chris' actions and Rita would be seen as more dominant and therefore less desirable by men because they would rather be in control of her body. 

 And finally this frame of the music video shows Chris kissing Rita at 4:25 with his hands all over her body and hers are on her hips accentuating her curves and once again giving the male audience something enjoyable to focus on. The knee high boots make her outfit seem more modest as it hides more flesh then has been on show before in other frames of the video however she still comes across as sexy and the red colour of her boots has connotations with passion. 

 The rest of the video shows very quick jump cuts of snippets of all the other scenes in a rewind motion, creating a summery of Rita's suggestive sexual actions and ends with the beginning scene in the lift.

My Representation

What group(s) do you belong to?
I think I fit into the Aspirant and Mainstream tribes.

Why?
Mainstream-
Well, I'm not going to lie, I listen to Capital FM every morning while getting into my Jack Wills attire. I wouldn't necessarily call myself a 'fangirl' but no Instagram post put up by Sam Smith goes unliked (I also managed to get a photo with his band after a gig).


Aspirant-
Now, I do have pretty much all social media accounts, but I don't actually use them properly. 'Tumblr kids' is a trait of an Aspirant tribe, and I do have a tumblr blog, however I just use it for mindless entertainment when I can't sleep at night. Even so, I would include myself as a Tumblr Kid because the website is a nightmare to figure out and I spend hours at a time reblogging silly puns.

What media figures do you identify with?
I'd say I identify with Sam Smith. He is a sensitive person, loves to be with his family and once determined to accomplish something, he never looks back (eg. his music career and his weight loss). Sam Smith is also a LBGT+ advocate, which I too fully support, and can dress up as effortlessly as he dresses down which is a trait I possess.  






Do you consciously model yourself on any media figures?

I'd say a lot of my image comes from Tori Kelly (singer) as she dresses quite modestly and has a similar body shape to me. 
For the 2015 VMA's, she pulled off a stunning playsuit which is similar to one I wore to prom. I wish my hair was like hers but its unfortunately very thin and not full of volume so outfit similarities will have to do! 



I'd also like to thank pop/punk princess Avril Lavigne for my converse obsession, currently on 8 pairs... But they're comfy so who's complaining? The 'Avril Lavigne phase' every young girl goes through lasted about 6 years for me, but I've grown out of the studs, the pink skull and crossbones and the wild hair dye now, although the converse aren't going away that easily!

Audience and Institution

Audience and Institution

1- What % of global box office was the British film industry responsible for?
15%

2- What was this % in 2009?
6.8%

3- What might this change indicate about British film?
The % of British film popularity is rising

4- What films have been responsible for this change?
Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows part 2 and The Kings Speech

5- What % of the British film industry makes a profit?

7%

6- What % of Hollywood films make a profit?

17%

7- How does that % differ between £2m and £10m budget British films?

4% for lower costing films and 17% (almost hollywood profitability) for £10m+ films

8- What might we infer from this difference? 
That low budget films are 13% less profitable than high budget films 

9- Which age group makes up the largest % of UK cinema goers?
over 45's

10- Why do you think this might be? 
Films being made are aimed at that age group eg. The Best Exotic Marigold Hotel

11- Which 'type' of film has seen an 18% drop in attendance?
3D films

12- Within that 'type' which genre has seen the biggest fall?
Family films and films that don't involve a lot of action/ horror

13- What did Charles Grant put this decline down to?
3D films are too expensive for the turn out it gets

14- Who is Paul Greengrass?

A British film director

15- How did he describe the British film industry?

As a 'success story' and predicted it would see international growth.

16- What did a BFI spokesperson say was the point of less profitable low budget British films?

The films are beneficial to the industry for reasons like skills and training development and for artistic and cultural importance.

17- What was the budget for Filth and how much money did it take?

Filth managed to make £4m at the box office, more than double its budget

18- What advantage did James McEvoy feel £100m films have over low budget films?

Money for advertisement 

19- What is VOD?

Video On Demand 

20- What % increase did VOD see last year?

50%

21- What impact might VOD have on distributers and Studios?

The distributer and studio might become less important 

22- What impact has it had on Blockbuster rental stores?

They're not used as much anymore

23- What was unique about Ben Wheatleys 'A Field In England'?

The film was released on all formats (VOD, Cinema, DVD and TV) at the same time

24- What does director of The Machine Caradog James think is the toughest part of film making?

Getting the film to reach the audience

25- Why have rules been relaxed on what makes a film 'British'?

To encourage other countries to make films in this way 

26- How has the use of visual effects in films been encouraged?

Visual/ special effects is part of the criteria in order to help the British visual effects industry 

27- Name five of these rules and link them to The Kings Speech, Kill List, The World's End

Dialogue in english

British director

British cast

Set in the UK

Film based on British subject matter

28- What rules has chancellor George Osbourne announced for tax on British films?

Tax relief will increase from 20% to 25% on the first £20m of qualifying production expenditure

29- What is the highest grossing film in UK box office history?

Skyfall

30- How much has it taken and how many screens was it available on?

£94.3m and 587 screens

American Influence - Variety links
31- Why has Sony opened a Digital Motion Picture Centre at Pinewood studios?
To provide training to get the most out of the cameras

32- What benefit might this have for the British film industry?
To create more jobs for people in the industry

33- Where else have they opened facilities like this?
LA, Beijing and Mumbai


34- How many films have been produced using the F65 camera?
More than 30 feature films


35- What has been the consequence of Blockbusters to US film production?
Shareholders can sabotage the budget


36- How big a loss to Sony expect to post?
The studio posted an operating loss of $181 million for the second fiscal quarter.

37- Which films are responsible for this?
The White House Down and After Earth

38- How is Lionsgate different to Sony?
The bankers look covetously at the economic model of a Lionsgate, which, with no physical studio to support and a more modest overhead than the majors, can register enormous grosses with a franchise like The Hunger Games.
39- Why is "the new mandate to avoid niche products'?
The belief that blockbusters alone represent a sound investment strategy is in itself driving up the cost of blockbusters as well as superstars. While business strategists traditionally have argued for diversification, the new mandate is to avoid niche product because the niches are getting narrower.

Film Production

Development - This is simply the process of 'finding' a story. Ideas for films come from a variety of sources, they can range from novels, real life events to computer game adaptations. Once you've got an idea you'll need someone to write a pitch for you which you take to a film producer in an attempt to get some funding to make your film. Even at this very early stage you need a very clear idea of who you're aiming you film at so you can include elements that will appeal to them.
Pre-production - Once you've got funding you establish your budget and can begin to get a film crew together, you can storyboard the script. You also need break the script down into individual scenes and identify all the locations, props, cast members, costumes, special effects and visual effects needed.
Production - This is simply the process of 'making' the film. Provided you've done your job properly in the pre-production stage making the film should be straight forward. 'Film' is very expensive and difficult to store so an increasing number of film makers are using digital cameras to save money.
Post-production - During this stage you take all the 'film' you've shot and give it to a film editor. They will then begin putting it together. Special effects will be added, a soundtrack will be added, any missing dialogue will be re-recorded and added resulting in a 'rough cut'. This will be shown to the director and a test audience who will offer feedback. Often this causes scenes to be filmed and added or removed.

Screenwriter: Research and develop story ideas and write screenplays

Producer: Producers are responsible for all aspects of a film's production, putting together a creative and talented cast and crew, and turning story ideas into profitable films

Casting Director: Organises the casting (selecting) of Actors for all roles in a film

Director: Directors are the driving creative force in a film's production - visualising and defining the style and structure of the film, then bringing it to life 

Film finance: A Financial Controller manages all aspects of the finances of a company or large film production

Camera Operator: Camera Operators prepare and operate the camera and all its equipment, working with the Director and Director of Photography

Editor: Film Editors work closely with the Director to craft the finished film

Production Designer: Production Designers define and manage every visual aspect of a film

Marketing: The Marketing and Publicity Managers' main responsibility is to convince the public that this is a 'must-see' movie. Once Distributors have identified the target audiences and potential revenue, the marketing campaign should reach target audiences before and during film releases.

Exhibition: Programmers are responsible for choosing the right films for the right target audience.
Catching Fire team

Screenwriters

Casting Director

Producers

Camera Operator

Editor

Production Designer

Director

Representation In The Media

Representation in the Media by Edie